In the Realm of the Red Pigeons

This work documents the lives of people in places where steel production has become seemingly omnipresent and influences everyday life on various levels.

“In the Realm of the Red Pigeons” documents the lives of people in places where steel production has assumed a seemingly unchanging omnipresence. Over decades and centuries, heavy industry has developed into a monoculture here and left profound traces in the social, ecological and economic structures.

Since 2021, I have been visiting current and former production sites of the world's second largest steel producer, ArcelorMittal, as part of my work. These trips have taken me to Germany, Luxembourg, France, Italy and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In the face of a fading but still identity-forming industrial past, people today are looking for strategies and sustainable perspectives to redefine their lives and their communities. In everyday life, they have to contend with structural difficulties that are often dismissed as local grievances. A supra-regional view of the production sites suggests that the success of the Group is also based on the calculated exploitation of structurally weak regions. This is not least about the establishment of precarious living conditions and the stabilization of economically existential dependency relationships, which goes hand in hand with a constant burden on ecosystems and the population. Even in the face of the ongoing climate catastrophe, maximum profit orientation still seems to be the company's maxim.

In the sequel, I would like to visit more of the company's mines and steelworks in order to document precarious structures in steel production through an international contextualization.

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

Antonio (15) practices his goal kick in front of the largest steelwork in Europe, the so-called ILVA in the South Italian city of Taranto. The plant is in a dilapidated state and, according to various studies, is responsible for the emission-related cancer deaths of thousands of citizens. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

The view of the chimneys of the Taranto steelworks, the so-called ILVA. A fine-meshed net spans hundreds of meters between the steelworks and the adjacent Tamburi district. This is to prevent the minerals needed for steel production from being carried into the district by the wind. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

Two young girls in front of a chimney of the steelworks in the Tamburi district. Due to the high emission levels, the city council of Taranto officially advises against outdoor sports in Tamburi and even calls on residents to stay at home on some days with extremely high emission levels. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

A field is on fire. In the background are the apartment blocks of the Paolo Sesto district, which was built in the 1970s as a satellite town and was intended to establish an improved standard of living for the steel workers and their families. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

Pasquale works as a steelworker at ILVA. He has a tattoo on his upper arm of the plant‘s chimneys protruding from a cemetery, their smoke ending in a skull. He is aware of the health risks of his job, but sees no professional alternative in the economically weak region of Apulia. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

A young leukemia patient shortly before a so-called lumbar puncture, the removal of cerebrospinal fluid to check the red and white blood cells and cell formation. According to the Italian National Institute of Health, the cancer rate among children and adolescents in Taranto in 2018 was 54 percent higher than in the rest of the country. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

A large mosaic in the Chiesa Di Gesu' Divino Lavoratore in Tamburi shows an image of Jesus standing protectively over the ILVA and representatives of Taranto's typical trades. The fisherman, whose craft has a long tradition in the region, is the only one to turn his back on the steelworks. Taranto, May 2022

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

Steelworkers block the access roads to ILVA in the early morning and call for a strike. They are complaining about the persistently poor working conditions, the plant‘s dilapidated infrastructure and the poor safety situation at their workplaces. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

The feathers of a pigeon in Tamburi have turned red due to the fine dust from the iron oxide used to produce steel. Taranto, September 2021

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

lary (center) with her dance group during a video shoot. The young women train at the Dance With Me studio in the Tamburi district, which offers hardly any leisure activities for young people. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

Enzo Basile on his fishing boat. He worked as a steel worker at ILVA until 2017. With the severance pay he received for leaving the company early, he was able to set up his own business as a mussel farmer. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

Two boys pose in front of a fire made of burning bulky waste in the Tamburi district. Youth unemployment in Taranto was 44% in 2024, putting the city in 105th place out of 107 in the whole of Italy. Taranto, September 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

The Zenica steelworks behind the town‘s Muslim cemetery. The plant was built in 1892 and dates back to the time of the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the Bosnian war from 1992, the plant stood idle until it was bought by ArcelorMittal for USD 1 in 2004 and got privatized. Zenica, July 2022

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

Sedin (left), with his three sons. The family‘s home is in the Tetovo district, in the immediate vicinity of the steelworks. Sedin has no permanent job and earns his living as a day laborer by working in the fields or selling bulky waste. Zenica, August 2024

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

A Saarstahl worker renews the insulation layer of a converter used to melt steel at the Völklingen steelworks in Saarland. ArcelorMittal managed the plant from 2006 until the group withdrew from the Saar in 2010 as part of a change of strategy in its European business. Völklingen, August 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

Detlef Thieser, 85, began an apprenticeship as a locksmith at the Völklingen Ironworks at the age of 14 and, with the exception of one year, has spent his entire working life at the company. Since his early retirement in 1989, he has been guiding visitors through the 60-hectare site, which today has UNESCO World Heritage status. Völklingen, May 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

The view of the steelworks from the street Im alten Brühl, where today‘s Völklingen was built in the Middle Ages. Today, the steel industry in the town still provides jobs for around 6,000 people. At its peak in the 1970s, the plant and local suppliers employed a total of up to 17,000 people. Völklingen, August 2023

© Lukas Ratius - Image from the In the Realm of the Red Pigeons photography project
i

A man walks his dogs through the former workers‘ housing estate Waldsiedlung in Völklingen. Following the closure of the Völklingen Ironworks in 1986, the city is still undergoing a process of transformation and is struggling with economic and demographic challenges. Völklingen, May 2023