The exploitation of natural resources of Andean Territory is one of the main concerns of Native People in South America, based on ancient beliefs that environmental issues originate from taking too much from Nature/Pachamama.

Andean Territory is rich of raw materials, such as Lithium, Copper and Silver. Mine activity in South America is stictly linked with soil erosion and desertification, labour exploitation and economic dependence on foreign investments. But also the high content of substances contained in waste such as mercury, zinc and copper are having disastrous consequences on the environment and health.

Inca tradition and culture are frequent and deeply rooted in Andean Countries.

Quinoa crop intensive farming is related to deforestation, desertification and pollution: since global demand for quinoa arised, many farmers have expanded its cultivation on more land and started using agrochemicals and fertilizers. This exploitation has also an economic consequence, as Quinoa price has decreased over last decade for Bolivian farmers.

A difficult and lost society in the Andean highlands often marked by gender violence, in particular for the cholitas Aymara, and patriarchy.

The exploitation of water for industrial and human activity (mine and farming) entails draining of water basins such as Lake Poopò in Bolivia and disputes between Countries over the utilization of water (Cile and Bolivia on explotation of Silala river).

"The lithium of Bolivia belongs to Bolivian people" words of Evo Morales in the fight against the exploitation of foreign multinationals.

Pachamama for Indigenous People and Inca mythology is a fertility goddess linked to Nature and Earth. It could be also connected to the concept of Mother Nature. After the Spanish colonialism and the forced conversion, Pachamama has been associated with Virgin Mary for indigenous people.

Under the influence of the global indigenous movement, since the 60s the Andean Population have tried to get their rights recognized by Governments, such as the influence of Inca and indigenous traditions on the basis of a new concept of equality as a synonym of integration and granting of different identities and ethnities.

Juana Azurduy de Padilla was one of the most important feminine figure of indigenous fight and resistence in 19th century. She was identified with mythological and religious figures of Pachamama, the indigenous representation of Mother Nature, and the Virgin Mary, from the Catholic cultural heritage.